TEACHING METHODOLOGIES

TEACHING METHODOLOGIES

by: JUMEL I. ABELLERA

 

                                                           DEFINITION OF TERMS

APPROACH is a procedure that employs a variety of strategies to access better understanding and effective learning.

METHOD/STRATEGY refers to an organized, orderly, systematic, well-planned procedure. Methods direct and guide the teacher in all class activities and involve as well, the organization of materials to get things done.

A TECHNIQUE is implementational and that which actually takes place in a classroom. It is a particular trick used to accomplish an immediate objective.

HOW TO OPEN A LESSON

   1.      Personalizing and Warming-Up the Climate.

        The teacher shares positive feelings about events or work of the students.

   2.      Using an Attention Getter.

       The teacher brings objects that are related to the lesson and are new to students.

   3.      Relating the Lesson to the World of Students.

     Teachers need to establish connection between the experimental world of students and the topics to be    
     introduced if learning is to take place.

   4.      Reviewing Past Work.

     For the students to realize that the new lesson is associated with the previous one, teachers have to ask 
     students about the knowledge, skills, and values they have learned.

   5.      Using Advance Organizers.

    Advance organizers are statements which will help the students process the lesson about to be introduced.

MOTIVATION

   -    Motivation is a driving force that impels one to react.

   -     It makes the learner get interested in learning and keeps the learner engaged in learning.

Kinds of Motivation

o   Intrinsic Motivation – It originates from the students’ inner selves. Intrinsic motivation is greatly influence by the innate values and attitudes possessed by the student.

o   Extrinsic Motivation – It originates from the students’ learning environment. It takes the form of rewards or incentives or recognitions.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTING TEACHING METHOD TO EMPLOY

   1.      Learning is an active process

What I hear, I forget.

What I hear and see, I remember a little.

What I hear, see, and ask questions about or discuss with someone else, I begin to understand

What I hear, see, discuss and do, I acquire knowledge and skill

What I teach to another, I master (Silberman, 1996)

   2.      The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning

 

   3.      An integrated teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of information

   4.      There is no such thing as best teaching method. The best method is the one that works, the one that yield 
          results.

DIRECT/EXPOSITIVE INSTRUCTION APPROACH

Direct Instruction

     -  is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic skills and “procedural 

         knowledge”

     -  The strategy is teacher-directed

     -  The emphasis is on how to execute the steps of the entire procedure.

     -  This is a form of learning through imitation.

 

Deductive Method

    - It begins with the abstract rule, generalization, principle and ends with specific examples, and concrete details

    -  The deductive approach is teacher-dominated.

    -  No bother on the part of the teacher to lead learners to the formulation of the generalization or rule

Inductive Method

    -  It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with an abstract generalization rule, or principle

    -   The inductive method is less teacher-directed.

    -    The learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning process.

    -    It helps the development of our learners’ higher-order-thinking-skills

Demonstration Method

    -   The teacher shows how to operate, manipulate equipment while the class observes.

    -   The demonstrative method is teacher-dominated.

    -   The value of confidence is developed among the demonstrators

    -   Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled among the observers

GUIDED / EXPLORATORY APPROACH

Problem Solving Method

    -   Problem solving is a teaching strategy that employs the scientific method in searching for information.

Project Method

    -   It requires students to present in concrete form a learned concept or principle.

    -   The project may be a task or product

The Constructivist Approach

    -   This approach demands students to construct their own meaning out of their own learning approach

    -   A meaningful connection is established between prior knowledge and the present learning activity

Reflective Teaching

    - Reflective teaching is anchored on the ability of the teacher to guide students to reflect on their own experiences in order to arrive at new understandings and meanings.

Cooperative Learning Approach

    -   Cooperative learning is a group helping each other learn but keeping each individual member accountable for his-her learning

Team Teaching

    -   Team teaching is an effective approach if there a need for an authority or an expert on a special topic which is included in the unit.

    -    This could be described as a multidisciplinary approach.

Peer Tutoring / Peer Teaching

    -  Peer tutoring is commonly employed when the teacher requests the older, brighter and more cooperative member of the class to tutor (coach, teach instruct) other classmates.

Partner Learning

    -  Partner learning is teaming up with a classmate as a partner for learning

    -  This may also mean assigning “study buddy.”

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

    -         KWL (Know, Want to Know, Learned)

    -         Game, Puzzle, Brain Teaser, Acrostic, Analogies

    -         Editorial, Anecdote, Stories, News, Scenario

    -         Video clip, Song, Poem, Picture without caption

    -         Voting, Debate

    -         Devil’s Advocate

    -         Quotable Quote

    -         Interview, Library research, Internet research

    -         Experiment, Hands-on Learning

    -         Using Graphic Organizers

    -         Performance, Demonstration, Talk Show

    -         Authentic Project, Portfolio

    -         Reading, Writing

    -         Passport to Leave, Journal Writing

    -         3/2/1 Countdown

    -         Lecture

“The MEDIOCRE teacher tells. 

The GOOD teacher explains. 

The SUPERIOR teacher demonstrates. 

The GREAT teacher inspires.”

-William Arthur Ward

References:

Acero, V.O., Javier, E.S. and Castro, H.O. (2000) Principles and Strategies of Teaching. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Printing Company, Inc.

Bilbao, Purita P. (2008) Curriculum Development. Quezon City, Philippines: Adriana Printing Co., Inc.

Corpuz, B.B. and Salandanan, G.G. (2007) Principles of Teaching 1. Quezon City, Philippines: Adriana Printing Co., Inc.

Garcia, Carlito D. (2005) Principles and Strategies of Teaching: A Skills Approach. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Books Atbp. Publishing House Corp.

Salandanan, Gloria G. (2005) Teaching and the Teacher. Quezon City, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing Company Inc.

Salandanan, G. G. & Lorimar Publishing, Inc. (2009) Methods of Teaching, revised edition. Quezon City, Philippines: Adriana Printing Co., Inc